![]() The measurement of joint range of motion (ROM) in static and dynamic, passive and active, human movements is an essential skill in the musculoskeletal assessments commonly performed by physiotherapists, as well as some strength and conditioning coaches, to examine joint function, detect joint asymmetry and evaluate treatment efficacy as an objective outcome measure. Future research should address some methodological limitations of the literature, especially including the inclusion of absolute and not just relative reliability and validity statistics. Our results provide clinicians with sufficient evidence to support the use of smartphones and apps in place of goniometers to measure joint motion. ![]() intraclass correlation, correlation) measures and for spinal rotation than spinal extension, flexion and lateral flexion. mean difference ± limit of agreement, minimal detectable change) than relative (e.g. ![]() However, this level of evidence appeared weaker for absolute (e.g. Most of the studies demonstrated adequate intra-rater or inter-rater reliability and/or validity for >50% of the range of motion tests across all joints assessed. Twenty-three of the eligible 25 studies exceeded the minimum 60% score to be classified as a low risk of bias, although 3 of the 13 criteria were not achieved in >50% of the studies. The risk of bias was assessed using a standardised appraisal tool. An electronic search using PubMed, Medline via Ovid, EMBASE, CINAHL, and SPORTSDiscus was performed. Eligible studies were published in English peer-reviewed journals with full text available, involving the assessment of reliability and/or validity of a non-videographic smartphone app to measure joint range of motion in participants >18 years old. ![]() The aim of this study was to systematically review the literature regarding the intra- and inter-rater reliability and validity of smartphones and apps to measure joint range of motion. However, the reliability and validity of these smartphones and apps is still somewhat uncertain. While the Universal Goniometer is the most commonly utilised clinical tool for measuring joint range of motion, the evolution of smartphone technology and applications (apps) provides the clinician with more measurement options. Measuring joint range of motion is an important skill for many allied health professionals. ![]()
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